By on April 2nd, 2012 Electromechanical relays have been the traditional backbone of electrical protection systems. While over recent years these have been replaced by microprocessor based numerical devices, there are still many older electromechanical relays in service. Evolution Mechanical relays developed in the 1800s were the first form of electrical protection.

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While still being reliable and widely used these were superseded by static relays in the early 1980s. Static relays have no moving parts (hence the name) and operated on the basis of analogue circuitry. download Opel Corsa 2015 Repair Manual torrent.

More recently static relays have been superseded by first digital relays and now numerical microprocessor based devices. Tripping Curves IEC 60255 Characteristics The IEC 60255 standard defines four standard current time characteristics – standard inverse (SI), very inverse (VI), extremely inverse (EI) and long-time inverse. Each characteristic can be calculated from: where: t = tripping time in (S) I = fault (actual) secondary CT current (A) I s = relay pick-up current setting) TMS = time multiplier setting Characteristic α K Standard Inverse 0.02 0.14 Very Inverse 1.0 13. download Probability And Statistics Devote Solution Manual there. 5 Extremely Inverse 2.0 80 Long-time Inverse 1.0 120 Relay characteristics are sometimes classified according to the tripping time at 10 times the setting current (i.e. [3s/10] - a standard inverse curve which will trip in 3 seconds at 10 times the current setting). Tripping times for the various relays are: Standard Inverse (SI) [3s/10] or [1.3s/10] Very Inverse (VI) [1.5s/10] Extremely Inverse (EI) [0.8s/10] Long Time Standard Earth Fault [13. download free 2016 Fleetwood Travel Trailer Owner Manual here. 3s/10] North American Characteristics Current time characteristics in North America as classified as IEEE Moderately Inverse, IEEE Very Inverse, IEEE Extremely Inverse, US C0 8 Inverse and US CO 2 Short Time Inverse.